Socialism and Modern Science (Darwin, Spencer, Marx)

The author examines alleged conflicts between evolutionary science and socialist doctrine, analyzing claims about individual equality, the struggle for existence, and survival of the fittest, and argues that empirical biology and evolution can support collectivist reforms rather than refute them. He contrasts evolutionary and socialist interpretations of progress, considers whether social change requires reform or violent upheaval, and evaluates sociology's contributions while integrating Marxist and Darwinian insights. Sections address collective ownership, the class struggle, and questions about gender and physiology in relation to social policy, and appendices reply to critics and unpack individualist versus socialist misunderstandings.