The Factors of Organic Evolution

Name: The Factors of Organic Evolution
Author: Herbert Spencer

By Herbert Spencer

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Science - Biology

About This Book

The essay reviews historical views on the origins of species and evaluates rival mechanisms of biological change, weighing natural selection against the inheritance of functionally produced modifications. It argues that while selection accounts for many adaptations, numerous structural and physiological traits in plants and animals are not satisfactorily explained by selection alone or by direct use and disuse during an individual’s life. Drawing on botanical and zoological examples, the author maintains that changes induced by habit and function are sometimes transmitted across generations, and considers the broader consequences of this claim for mental development, moral tendencies, and the evolution of social institutions.

About the Author

Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher and sociologist known for his contributions to the development of social theory and evolutionary biology. He is often associated with the phrase "survival of the fittest," which he used to describe the process of natural selection. Spencer's works encompass a wide range of topics, including ethics, education, and the philosophy of science. His notable publications include "First Principles," where he outlines his philosophical framework, and "Essays on Education and Kindred Subjects," which reflects his views on the role of education in society. Spencer's ideas have had a lasting impact on both sociology and philosophy.