Het Leven der Dieren: Deel 1, Hoofdstuk 11: De Evenvingerigen

A systematic overview of even-toed ungulates outlines their shared anatomy—two weight-bearing central toes, reduction of other digits, consistent vertebral counts and lack of collarbones—and typical dental patterns. The order is divided into multi‑toed forms and two‑toed ruminants, with ruminants characterized by a long flexible neck, varied horn or antler structures, dense hair coverings, and a multipart stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum) that permits regurgitation and thorough chewing. Permanent horn sheaths contrast with annually shed bony antlers. The account notes wide variation in hooves, body form, geographic distribution, fossil origins, and general herbivorous habits.