Elements of arithmetic

The text presents a systematic introduction to arithmetic beginning with numeration and the principles behind counting, then develops operations—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division—followed by treatments of fractions, decimal fractions, square roots, proportion, and basic combinatorics. A second part applies arithmetic to weights and measures, practical rules of three, interest, and commerce. Multiple appendices supply computation techniques, verification methods, notation, decimal money, bookkeeping principles, number properties, combinations, Horner’s method, and tips for applying arithmetic to geometry. Emphasis is on reasoned demonstration and practical proficiency.