The philosophy of biology

A philosophical examination of the foundations and methods of biological science, arguing that biology has long borrowed physics' concepts and tests of reality—such as conservation laws and dynamical models—often without sufficient scrutiny. It traces how mechanistic notions, from atoms and ether to energy, shaped explanations of organisms, then questions whether those frameworks capture organic givenness. Emphasizing the organism as an active perceiver and agent, it explores consciousness as an intensive multiplicity shaped by mental organisation, and critiques experimental physiology that detaches parts from living context. The work calls for rethinking biology's metaphysical assumptions and for methods better suited to living systems.