The deformities of the fingers and toes

The work is a clinical survey of abnormalities affecting the digits, systematically grouping causes, presentations, and surgical considerations. Early sections treat fascial lesions including Dupuytren’s contracture and traumatic palmar fibrosis, then examine deformities from bony and ligamentous development, tendon imbalance, teno‑vaginitis, nutritive changes, and joint disease, as well as paralytic and spastic conditions and trigger finger. A parallel section addresses toe deformities such as hammer toe and hallux variants, with attention to shoe pressure and arthritis. A final part reviews congenital anomalies including macrodactyly, supernumerary digits, syndactyly, ectrodactyly, and brachydactyly. Comparative anatomy, symptomatology, and operative approaches are discussed throughout.