The Close of the Middle Ages, 1272-1494, 3rd Ed.

The work surveys the two centuries that close the medieval era, tracing the decline of feudal social structures and the emergence of centralized territorial states. It examines political realignments, dynastic struggles and interstate rivalries, alongside economic change, urban growth, and demographic shocks that reshaped society. Institutional developments in monarchy, law, and administration are considered together with the changing role of the church and papal authority. Attention is given to cultural and intellectual currents that foreshadow the Renaissance and to the early impulses toward overseas exploration. The narrative combines chronological overview with thematic chapters, supported by maps, genealogies, and a bibliography to guide further study.