Notes on democracy

The author argues that popular rule rests on romanticized beliefs about the moral superiority and wisdom of the masses, and examines how that belief shapes democratic character, institutions, and policy. He surveys psychological drivers such as envy and sentiment, differing forms of democratic government, representation, politicians' incentives, the relationship between democracy and liberty, corruption and moral reform movements, and the effects on cultural and technological progress. Combining polemic, historical observation, and social analysis, he contends that democracy often elevates mediocrity while permitting occasional exceptional leadership, and assesses possible futures for the system.