History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce, Volume 4 (of 4)

The volume traces the evolution of marine propulsion from ancient steam curiosities through experimental paddle and screw systems to the widespread adoption of steam and iron shipbuilding. It surveys early mechanical proposals and nineteenth-century practical developments, examines the technical principles and trials of paddle-wheels and screw propellers, and discusses the transition to iron hulls with detailed case studies of large steam liners including plans, dimensions, engine arrangements, and performance. Accompanying appendices collect measurements, specifications, and contemporary illustrations to document commercial routes, ship types, and engineering advances.