Finger prints

The book surveys the structure, formation, and practical recording of the epidermal ridges on fingers and palms, distinguishing ridges from creases and describing pores and development. It traces historical and ethnographic uses of hand- and finger-marks, then systematically reviews techniques for obtaining, reproducing, and enlarging prints including ink impressions, casts, smoke and photographic methods. It develops a classification of patterns—arches, loops, whorls—and describes cores, deltas, measurements, and nomenclature for comparison. Statistical and observational arguments for individuality and permanence are presented, with guidance on apparatus, ink, and handling for reliable scientific identification. Practical applications for personal identification and criminal inquiry conclude the work.