Ecological Studies of the Timber Wolf in Northeastern Minnesota

The authors present field studies of timber wolves in the Superior National Forest of northeastern Minnesota, reporting on movements, activity patterns, social organization, hunting behavior, and population structure based on aerial observation, radiotracking, and carcass analysis from multi‑season fieldwork in the 1960s. They compare ages, sexes, and condition of deer killed by wolves, examine how snow conditions affect deer vulnerability, and consider subspecies composition in the local population. Habitat, terrain, seasonal weather, and methodological details accompany quantitative and observational results relevant to management and conservation.