Die Naturwissenschaften in ihrer Entwicklung und in ihrem Zusammenhange, III. Band / Das Emporblühen der modernen Naturwissenschaften bis zur Entdeckung des Energieprinzipes

This volume surveys the major transformation of the natural sciences from the mid-18th century up to the framing of the energy principle, tracing how experimental and quantitative methods reshaped chemistry, electricity, thermodynamics, optics, and mechanics, and how mathematical methods strengthened physical inquiry. It follows the extension of laboratory techniques into plant and animal physiology, the emergence of modern chemical theory and atomic hypotheses, the rise of electrochemistry and electromagnetism, and advances in astronomy, geology, mineralogy, botany, and zoology, emphasizing interconnections between disciplines and the consolidation of scientific foundations that paved the way for later developments.