Cavity-Nesting Birds of North American Forests / Agriculture Handbook 511

The handbook surveys 85 North American bird species that nest in tree cavities, describing their habitats, cavity size and placement, diets, and geographic distributions, and providing color illustrations and maps. It examines the ecological role of cavity nesters—particularly in controlling forest insects—and documents how removal of dead or decaying trees reduces available nesting sites. Practical guidance summarizes snag characteristics, forest types, and recommended management actions such as retaining large, decayed trees and using nest boxes to sustain populations. Species accounts and references support habitat-management decisions.