An Experimental Translocation of the Eastern Timber Wolf

A scientific field report describes a 1974 pilot translocation in which four eastern timber wolves were captured in Minnesota, released in Michigan, and monitored by aerial radio-telemetry to evaluate survival, movements, and adaptation. After release the animals split into a lone female and a three‑wolf group that dispersed, exhibited distinct movement phases, and temporarily settled in separate areas; captive mating did not produce surviving pups. Examinations showed adequate food resources and good physical condition, but human-caused mortality prevented establishment. The authors analyze social structure, habitat use, movement distances, and vulnerability, and recommend greater public education, policy changes on coyote bounties, and larger release cohorts for future efforts.