A Revolução Portugueza: O 31 de Janeiro (Porto 1891)

The account links the revolt to the 1890 diplomatic ultimatum, describing how sustained popular indignation and dissent within army ranks produced a hastily organized military uprising in Porto on 31 January 1891. It chronicles the seizure of key positions by insurgent units, street clashes with municipal forces, a brief proclamation of a republic, and the rapid counterattack that crushed the movement. The narrative documents subsequent arrests, courts-martial, and the human cost of the insurrection. It also assesses political reverberations that accelerated the growth of an organized republican movement and reshaped public debate.