A history of economic doctrines

The authors offer a systematic survey of the development of economic thought from the physiocratic tradition to modern doctrines, outlining major schools and shifts in theory. They explain competing accounts of value, production, and distribution, contrast deductive pure approaches with historical and institutional methods, and trace critiques among classical, marginalist, socialist, and historical economists. The narrative combines exposition and critical commentary, highlights continuities and ruptures between successive theories, and concludes by relating contemporary debates to their intellectual origins.