A handbook of laboratory glass-blowing

A practical manual presents foundational principles, safe working practices, and selection of tools and fuels for forming and repairing laboratory glassware. It gives step-by-step techniques for cutting, sealing, blowing and joining tubes and bulbs, and for constructing condensers, Soxhlet extractors, electrodes and internal seals. Also addressed are annealing, drilling, grinding, stopcocks, calibration and graduation, and methods for joining glass to metal. The text explains how to improvise apparatus from scraps, how to examine manufactured pieces to infer their construction, and summarizes the conditions and precautions required for consistent, serviceable laboratory glasswork.